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Lojban itself came out of an earlier language project called Loglan, and it shares Loglan's interest in the "Sapir-Whorf hypothesis" - the idea that the language you speak affects the way you think. Most people who have learnt a foreign language, or have grown up speaking two languages, will be familiar with this idea, having found themselves thinking and speaking in one language or the other because something is easier to say in that language. One of the main ideas behind the Loglan/Lojban project was to create a language which is both highly expressive and as culturally neutral as possible, then see what people from different cultures do with it. To give an example, in most European languages time and gender are very important - you can say "She goes," "It went," "He'll go" and so on, but just to say "She/he/it go," with no particular gender or time in mind, sounds strange. In Chinese, on the other hand, ta qu (he/she/it go) is perfectly normal. In Lojban there are plenty of words to show the time of an action, its length, how it happens and so on - but you don't have to use any of them. If I really wanted to, I could say:
However, if Lojban only existed as some kind of experiment to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, probably very few people would bother to learn it. In fact, Lojban's other uses have taken over so much that quite a few Lojbanists who don't believe much in Sapir-Whorf still use the language because of its other benefits. Some that I've heard are:
In the long-term, Lojban has more ambitious goals. Some ways that people have suggested Lojban can be used are:
The root words (gismu in Lojban) were created by a computer from words in the six most widely-spoken languages in the world: Chinese, Hindi/Urdu, English, Spanish, Arabic and Russian. This is one of the advantages of Lojban - it doesn't give a privileged position to European languages. These are also languages that have had a lot of words in common other languages; for example, French and Italian share a lot of words with Spanish, and although Turkish is not on the list, I found in Lojban a lot of elements of Turkish which had come in from Arabic and Persian (which is quite close to Urdu). And of course English words like "television" and "taxi" have spread all over the world.
All root words have five letters. For example:
Although these don't look much like any particular word in any
language, you can see bits of different languages in each of them.
For example, prenu has the "per" of English "person" and
the ren of Chinese. cukta has the "ook" of
English "book", all of Chinese shu(c is
pronounced "sh"), and part of Arabic (and Turkish) kitap.
vanju is like French vin and Chinese
jiu. This makes learning words easier for the largest
number of people.
There are 1,300 root words. This might sound like a lot, but it is nothing compared to the roughly 20,000 words a native speaker of a natural language knows. Because you can't say everything you want with such a small number of words, Lojban allows compound words (lujvo in Lojban). For example, there is no root word for "nurse", so I created a compound, kurmikce (c from kurji (take care of) and mikce (medic). Lojban speakers have the freedom to create these compound words to express anything they want to say - if it catches on, it passes into the general Lojban vocabulary, and might even make it into the dictionary. The important thing is that somebody learning Lojban doesn't have to learn every lujvo someone makes up, because you can nearly always guess what they mean (if you can't guess, there's a neat little program on the Web which does it for you - remember what I said about computers being able to read Lojban?).
This leaves the cmavo, or structure words. Many languages put their grammar into their words, so that, for example, in Latin you have amo, amas, amat, amamus, amantis, amant. This kind of thing comes naturally to native speakers, and is horribly difficult for the rest of us. Lojban (like Chinese) makes every part of the grammar a separate word. In English you have to change "go" to "went" to put it in the past, but in Chinese you just say qu le, and in Lojban you just say pu klama. This brings us to ...
Lojban grammar seems strange at first sight, but is actually quite simple. It is based on a system called predicate logic, which states that in any sentence you have a relationship (selbri in Lojban) between one or more arguments (sumti). An argument can be a thing, event, quality or just about anything (quite how you can have a relationship of one argument is one of the mysteries of predicate logic!). To give an example, the English sentence
Robin adores Juliette Binochehas a relationship (or "function"), "adore", between two arguments, "Robin" and "Juliette Binoche". In Lojban this would be
la robin. prami la julIET.binOC.or, if you prefer,
la robin. la julIET.binOC prami(the capital letters show non-Lojban stress for foreign words, the full stops mean that you have to pause slightly to separate the words - anythingelseinLojbancanberuntogetherwithoutbeingmisunderstood).
You might be thinking "Well in that case a function is a verb and an argument is a noun, so why bother with special terminology like selbri and whatnot?" However, in Lojban I might describe my feelings about Juliette like this:
A philosophical / psychological point: some people (such as the philosopher Alfred Korzybski and the psychologist Albert Ellis) have claimed that the English verb "be" has a bad effect on our thinking. For example, if I say "Jim is bad" (or good, or a Communist or whatever) it implies, if only subconsciously, that there is something bad about his very essence, that he always has and always will be bad, and that everything he does is bad. More Sapir-Whorf effects, perhaps. In Lojban, there is a different word for "is" (du) meaning "the same as" (as in "Three and four is seven" or "That is the Eiffel Tower"). To say la djim. du xlali would meaning something totally different in Lojban ("Jim is equally bad"), and even la djim. xlali would be pretty bad Lojban - you would have to say:
Getting back to my obsession with a certain French actress, if there are no nouns, verbs, subjects or objects in Lojban, how do we know that la robin. la julIET.binOC prami means that I adore Juliette and not the other way round (a nice thought, but not realistic). Different languages handle this problem differently. In English it is done with word order, and when that isn't enough, with prepositions (words like "at", "from", "to", "with" and so on). In other languages, like Latin or Turkish, it's done by changing the form of the words e.g. Juliette'i Robin sever means "Robin loves Juliette", not "Juliette loves Robin."
In Lojban this is built into the meaning of the word. For example, the word dunda means "give", but its full meaning is:
x1 gives x2 to x3
So mi pu dunda le cuska le ninmu means "I gave the book to the woman" not "I gave the woman to the book" (of course).
But enough of grammar for now. The important point is that Lojban has a lot of what we would call "grammar", but nearly all of this is contained in the cmavo (structure words), and you can use as many or as few of them as you want.
In Lojban you can of course use "emotional" words like prami ("love/adore") but there is also a special class of words set aside for expressing feelings. Some examples are:
Each of these has a negative - .uinai means "unhappy" -
and degrees of feeling - .uicai means "extremely happy" or
"delighted". You can also combine the words in any way you like,
which means you can invent words for emotions that don't have a
word in your native language. For example, to express the feeling
in a lot of Turkish pop songs (arabesk), I invented the
word .iucai.uinaicai (pronounced "you-shy-we-nigh-shy")
meaning something like "I am deeply in love and deeply
unhappy."
It doesn't stop there, though. .iu means "love", but "love" can mean a lot of things. If we need to, we can modify these basic emotions. .iuro'i is emotional love, what we most commonly understand by the word. .iuro'a is social love - what you might feel for a good friend. .iuro'u, however, is definitely sexual, while .iure'e is spiritual love, the kind of thing mystics feel, maybe. You can even have .iuro'e - mental or intellectual love - if, for example, you had a passion for physics.
Lojban also has a lot of words for handling the general business of conversation. Some examples are:
or I can make it polite by saying pe'u ko klama ti - I
don't have to disguise it as a question about your ability to
come.
In addition to the published The Complete Lojban Language, there is an HTML version of an earlier draft of the book, which is essentially the same. Other materials available from the Lojban website are wordlists, a draft textbook, and a large number of Lojban texts, both original and translated. There is also a small but rapidly developing body of Lojban software. The main plans afoot in Lojbanistan at the time of writing this are: